5. How Are Charter Schools Managed?

Most charter schools (57%) are freestanding, meaning they manage school operations themselves. The remaining 43% of charter schools contract with external organizations for management-related services. These management organizations help schools with a variety of tasks and operations, including but not limited to staffing, curriculum, services for students with disabilities, facilities, and back-office support. Management structures and the relationships these external partners have with their schools vary considerably. In some cases, the management organizations provide limited services; in other cases, they may provide nearly all management-related services and directly hire educational staff. The National Alliance considers an organization to be a management organization if it: (1) manages at least three schools, (2) serves a minimum of 300 students, and (3) is a business entity separate from the schools it manages. Our rationale for setting the threshold at three and not two schools is, “to avoid mistakenly classifying an entity that serves two campuses within the same school, as a management organization”. The two types of management organizations are charter management organizations (CMOs) and education management organizations (EMOs). CMOs manage 32% of charter schools nationwide, while EMOs manage 11% of charter schools.


CMOs are nonprofit organizations. Schools working with these organizations often appear as unified networks with similar missions, educational models, and curriculum. However, this is not always the case, as some CMOs manage schools with more diverse models and curricula.

EMOs are management organizations with a for-profit tax status, although it is incorrect to label the public schools that contract with them as “for-profit.” One company, Academica, manages 21% of these schools, making it the largest EMO operator by a significant margin.

Overall, CMOs tend to be smaller organizations than EMOs. Proportionally more CMOs operate five or fewer schools (60%) than EMOs that operate five or fewer schools (49%). Very large organizations are more prevalent among EMOs. Approximately 14% of EMOs manage 26 or more charter schools, whereas only 5% of CMOs operate 26 or more charter schools. EMOs manage 30.8% of virtual charter schools and 51.1% of virtual school students attend these schools.

A further note on EMOs: Both charter schools and districts contract with EMOs for a wide range of services. A new charter school governing board that wants to partner with an EMO for a new school applies to an authorizer for a charter. If the authorizer approves the application, the board enters into a contract with the for-profit company to manage or provide other services for the school. Many EMOs serve as vendors for specific management-related services, such as back-office support, hosting web platforms, or staffing assistance. The charter school governing board may end their contract with the EMO at any time and still retain the charter.

Eight of the 47 places (including states, territories, and D.C.) with charter school laws partially or fully prohibit charter school governing boards from partnering with EMOs in any capacity: California, Maine, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, Rhode Island, Tennessee, and Washington. EMOs are also prohibited from receiving federal Charter Schools Program funds.

Across all locale types, freestanding charter schools are by far the most common, followed by CMO-managed schools, and finally by EMO-managed schools. Towns and rural areas held the smallest share of schools for both CMO- and EMO- managed charter schools. CMOs and EMOs continue to operate mainly in urban and suburban communities respectively, with neither serving more than 15% of rural or town schools.

The majority of CMO-managed and freestanding charter schools operate in urban areas, while EMO-managed schools serve suburban and urban communities more or less equally.

The top 10 largest CMOs manage schools that enroll 10% of students, and the top 10 largest EMOs manage schools that enroll 14% of students. Overall, these 20 organizations support schools that enroll 24% of all charter school students nationwide. A total of 290 CMOs and 49 EMOs served charter schools in 2021-22. The top 10 EMOs listed below account for 86% of all charter students enrolled at schools managed by EMOs. For CMOs, that number is 32%.

As of the 2021-22 school year, KIPP is the largest CMO in the United States, and Academica is the largest EMO. KIPP as an organization supports schools that enroll more than 111,000 students across 21 states. Academica serves just over 104,000 students across 9 states.

CMOs support schools that enroll the highest share of Black and Hispanic students across management types, as well as the highest proportion of students of color overall. Black students make up 29% of the student population managed by CMOs, and Hispanic students make up 46% of students in CMO managed schools.

Like individual schools, CMO and EMO networks can also subcontract with CMOs and EMOs. EMOs like Academica, which provides a range of services to schools, work with both individual schools and CMO networks. Examples of these CMO networks include Somerset Academy, Mater Academy, Pinecrest Academy, and Doral Academy. Other examples of this type of relationship include the CMO BASIS Charter Schools which contracts with the EMO BASIS Ed. Constellation Schools is a CMO that contracts with the EMO Accel, who also manages several other individual schools.